Neighbor Cell Signals Cause Function Change in Response

In the diabetes model, following beta-cell loss, 1–2% of the glucagon-producing alpha-cells spontaneously began producing insulin. Normally, in the pancreas alpha-cells produce glucagon, and this increases blood sugar levels. Beta-cells produce insulin, which decreases glucagon levels while delta-cells produce somatostatin, which controls the regulation of the alpha and beta cells.

The investigators reported in the October 22, 2018, issue of the journal Nature Cell Biology that adaptive alpha-cell identity changes were blocked by intra-islet insulin- and Smoothened-mediated signaling, among others. Smoothened is a Class Frizzled (Class F) G protein-coupled receptor that is a component of the hedgehog signaling pathway.

The combination of beta-cell loss or insulin-signaling inhibition together with Smoothened inactivation in alpha- or delta-cells stimulated insulin production in a greater number of alpha-cells. Thus, the maintenance of cell identity was seen to be an active process mediated by repressive signals, which were released by neighboring cells and curbed an intrinsic trend of differentiated cells to change.

"We are possibly facing the start of a totally new form of treatment for diabetes, where the body can produce its own insulin, with some start-up help," said contributing author Dr. Luiza Ghila, a researcher in the department of clinical science at the University of Bergen. "If we gain more knowledge about the mechanisms behind this cell flexibility, then we could possibly be able to control the process and change more cells' identities so that more insulin can be produced. Furthermore, the cells' ability to change identity and function may be a decisive discovery in treating other diseases caused by cell death, such as Alzheimer´s disease and cellular damage due to heart attacks."

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University of Bergen