Dried Saliva and Blood Samples for Monitoring Immune Responses to Coronavirus Vaccines

In the study by researchrrs at the University of Helsinki (Helsinki, Finland), the levels of antibodies associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus were analyzed in more than 1,200 employees in the social welfare and healthcare sector to determine whether there were differences in different antibody classes according to viral exposure. Dried saliva and blood samples collected between January and March 2021 were utilized in the study. The exposure and background data were collected using a questionnaire. Based on the results, immunoglobulin G (IgG) has 99.5% sensitivity and 75.3% specificity to distinguish people with two vaccinations from non-exposed and exposed individuals, individuals with previous COVID-19 infection, and those with one vaccination. IgG measured from saliva also had an 85.3% sensitivity and 65.7% specificity in distinguishing people with two vaccinations from the other groups.

The study attested to the exposure of social welfare and healthcare employees to coronavirus, visible in the results as elevated antibody levels. A total of 47.5% of nurses and 47.7% of doctors were seropositive due to either previous infection, vaccination or exposure, whereas only 8.7% of dentists had been exposed to the virus. In addition to dentists, the lowest antibody levels were observed in administrative staff and social workers. The highest antibody levels in both the blood and saliva were found in those who had both had COVID-19 and had been vaccinated. The lowest antibody levels were seen in individuals who had not been exposed to the virus, who had not had a previous infection and who had not received a vaccination.

At the time of sample collection, the dental care staff had also received the lowest number of coronavirus vaccines, which was reflected in their antibody levels. Another goal of the study was to develop research methods. In fact, the study provides important information on the use of saliva in the determination of antibody levels. The benefit of dried saliva and fingertip blood samples is that they are easy to collect. Samples can be taken at home outside laboratory conditions. Their collection is inexpensive and, in the case of saliva samples, non-invasive.

“Based on the results, dried samples reliably reveal antibodies associated with the virus,” said Pirkko Pussinen, Professor at the University of Helsinki. “In the future, this assay technique based on dried spot samples could be effectively utilized to monitor both the immune response produced by vaccination and the need for vaccines in large patient populations.”

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