Multitiered Molecular Control Mechanism Regulates T-cell Genetic Switch

To identify the factors responsible for controlling the commitment mechanism, investigators at the California Institute of Technology (Pasadena, USA) followed developing T-cells at the single-cell level using mice genetically engineered to express a fluorescent protein in addition to their own Bcl11b protein. This caused the mouse cells to glow under the fluorescent microscope when the BCL11B gene was activated.

Results published in the July 4, 2016, online edition of the journal Nature Immunology revealed that a group of four protein transcription factors cooperated in a series of multi-tiered steps to regulate the T-cell genetic switch.

Initially, the proteins HNF1 homeobox A (HNF1A; also known as TCF1) and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) performed an early locus "poising" function, which paved the way for the activation step. Next, Notch protein signaling activated BCL11B. The fourth protein, Runt-related transcription factor 1 (Runx1) controlled the amplitude of the signal.

"We identify the contributions of four regulators of BCL11B, which are all needed for its activation but carry out surprisingly different functions in enabling the gene to be turned on," said senior author Dr. Ellen Rothenberg, professor of biology at the California Institute of Technology. "It is interesting - the gene still needs the full quorum of transcription factors, but we now find that it also needs them to work in the right order. This makes the gene respond not only to the cell's current state, but also to the cell's recent developmental history."

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