Fluorescent Proteins Developed for Live Cell Imaging

The FAPs will be used to monitor biologic mechanisms of individual proteins and other biomolecules within living cells in real time.

The scientists, from Carnegie Mellon University's Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center (MBIC; Pittsburgh, PA, USA), designed the FAPs to emit fluorescent light only when bound to a fluorogen, an otherwise non-fluorescent dye added by the scientists. This feature will allow biologists to monitor proteins on the cell surface and within living cells in very simple and direct ways, eliminating cumbersome experimental steps.

Scientists reported the fluorogen-activating proteins are particularly useful for developing molecular biosensors, because FAPs allow researchers to not only see where the target protein is within the space of the cell, but also to see color changes when it becomes fluorescent. Color changes may reflect alterations in the local environment of the protein, and allow quantitative sensing in real time of the biologic activity of proteins and biomolecules that are in close proximity to each other.

Biologists frequently have a difficult time locating a target biomolecule inside living cells using other dye technologies because of background light emitted by any unbound dye molecules. This background light obscures the bimolecular glow; therefore, it must be removed to perform the experiment effectively.

The new FAP technology gives off light only when and exactly where the target biomolecule is present, enabling scientists to activate the fluorescence when needed to see precisely where in the cell the biomolecule is located. Scientists also can design fluorogens that can enter the cell, and fluorogens that cannot. When used with fluorogens that are excluded from the cell, the FAP technology provides an exceptionally selective biosensor for proteins at the outside of the cell surface.

The FAP is a specialized single chain antibody (scFv), a recombinant fragment of full-size antibody proteins that the human immune system uses to identify invaders such as viruses or bacteria. The Carnegie Mellon scientists screened billions of scFvs to look for those that bound specifically to one of the two fluorogens, malachite green, and thiazole orange. The investigators found several scFvs that, when bound to the fluorogen, emitted bright fluorescent signals. They termed these scFvs "fluorogen-activating proteins.”

"These FAPs are the essential first step in developing molecular biosensors that will monitor dynamic changes occurring within cells,” said Dr. Alan Waggoner, professor of biological sciences and director of the Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center. "The ultimate goal is to put molecular biosensors based on FAP technology inside cells, but this current work is immediately useful. We have used the FAPs in conjunction with several fluorogens to visualize proteins at the cell surface and are now using the technology to image proteins inside cells.”

The new FAPs are an extension of the genetic approach made popular by the development of fluorescent proteins, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), more than 10 years ago. GFPs, once expressed in cells, are always aglow when visualized by scientists using special light sources and microscopes. The researchers have taken GFP technology one step further--with the novel FAPs and associated fluorogens, they can control fluorescence in space and time.

"The beauty of our system is that we can make FAPs with genetic variations so that we can co-express distinct FAPs within a cell. We can also make synthetic variations of the fluorogen that have different fluorescent and binding properties. Together, these modifications will allows us to image multiple colors inside cells, enabling us to dynamically monitor several proteins and follow complex cellular functions,” said Chris Szent-Gyorgyi, a research scientist at the MBIC who led the isolation study of the FAPs.

The study's findings were published in the February 2008 issue of the journal Nature Biotechnology.


Related Links:
Carnegie Mellon University's Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center