Microfluidic Gated Device for Extraction of Cell-Free DNA Could Help Accurately Diagnose Infections from Small Blood Sample

In the latest breakthrough, scientists from the Shibaura Institute of Technology (SIT Tokyo, Japan) developed an open-channel fluidic device that can efficiently extract and purify DNA fragments from human plasma. This reconfigurable device can prepare and analyze liquid biopsy samples with excellent selectivity and reliability.

In the war against cancer, the first step towards treating them is an accurate diagnosis of the problem. A technique that helps plan a better course of treatment is a biopsy. In recent years, liquid biopsies, which enable the detection of diseases via blood or other bodily fluids instead of solid tissues, have gained popularity over surgical biopsies owing to their non-invasive and straightforward nature.

Liquid biopsies primarily target a molecular marker called “cell-free DNA” (cfDNA), which provides information about the presence of pathogenic DNAs in a sample. Separation and extraction of cfDNA from biofluid samples is a difficult task due to their short lengths and rarity. To carry out any form of analysis, cfDNA has to be extracted and purified, a challenging task owing to their low abundance. A gold-standard cfDNA purification method called “solid-phase extraction” relies on the DNA’s affinity towards a solid phase. However, it fails to yield DNA fragments with less than 200 base pairs (bp) - fundamental units of DNA. Sensitivity towards smaller fragments is a necessity because circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or pathogenic DNAs are typically smaller than cfDNA. Therefore, sensitivity towards DNA fragments smaller than 200 bp allows for better detection of diseases.

Newer techniques such as liquid phase extraction (LPE), isotachophoresis (ITP), and electrokinetic trapping of DNA can facilitate such size-independent extractions. However, LPE is very labor-intensive and time-consuming. ITP and electrokinetic trapping, despite their excellent abilities in providing quick and automated extraction and detection of pathogenic DNA e.g., M. tuberculosis (MTB), have not been explored for the selective purification of short cfDNA fragments.

In the latest study, the researchers demonstrated a novel extraction system that combines the powers of both ITP and electrokinetic trapping. The team designed an open microfluidic system that uses transient ITP to detect MTB from human plasma samples. To test the efficacy of the design, the team used the device to purify and enrich MTB-genomic DNA fragments from spiked human plasma. The fluidic system showed a high recovery rate, precise separation, and sensitivity towards short cfDNA fragments of 100-200 bp. It was also able to purify MTB DNA for further qPCR analysis. Further investigation into its separation abilities revealed that treatment of the plasma with the enzyme proteinase K generated plasma peptides. These peptides acted as endogenous spacer molecules and improved the resolution of the extraction method. The designed reconfigurable open microchannel device creates a versatile sample preparation platform for analysis techniques such as PCR and deep sequencing. The team believes that their findings could be used to develop advanced purification systems for recovering nucleic acids from plasma or serum.

“The millimeter-scale fluidic device we developed consists of movable gel gates that allow precise extraction of separate species. It uses ITP for the purification of DNA, and the purified DNA can be easily extracted as a PCR-ready gel strip,” explained Professor Nobuyuki Futai from SIT who led the research team. “Most biopsy sample preparation techniques use marker dyes during DNA purification, which often leads to contamination and decrease in the qPCR signal level. The specific chemistries and sieving effects created by our movable gate design not only ensures the excellent recovery of purified DNA but also eliminates the need for marker dyes. This would, for instance, enable accurate diagnosis of diseases and infections from a small amount of blood sample.”

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