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为先天性查加斯病开发的尿检

By LabMedica International staff writers
Posted on 09 Feb 2015
日前开发成功的一种查加斯病尿液纳米粒子检验(Chunap)浓缩、保存和检测尿液中的克氏锥虫抗原,以在早期无创诊断先天性查加斯病。

先天性查加斯病的传统诊断方法基于出生时的显微镜检和出生九个月后的血清检验;然而,显微镜检会漏检许多感染,而且许多风险婴儿出生后六到九个月时无法完成血清检验。

以约翰霍普金斯大学(Baltimore, MD, USA)的科学家为首的多国科研小组收集了无先天感染的Bolivian婴儿的74份尿样和先天感染婴儿的23份尿样,后者的尿样收集在抗锥虫治疗前完成。收集了秘鲁利马12名血清阴性婴儿的尿样作为无病阴性对照。用显微镜微方法和聚合酶链反应(PCR)评估婴儿出生时和出生一个月后采集的血样。

用两种快速诊断检验(RDT)检测这些样本,一种是间接血液凝集检验(IHA),另一种是InBios国际公司(Seattle, WA, USA)的Chagas Detect,它是一种免疫层析试纸测定。科研小组评估了聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺纳米粒子捕捉、浓缩和保存克氏锥虫抗原的能力,用台盼蓝赋予纳米粒子功能,通过沉淀聚合方法合成纳米粒子,并用光子相关谱法鉴定纳米粒子。

然后用上述纳米粒子浓缩先天感染和未感染婴儿的尿样。用抗克氏锥虫单克隆抗体脂磷(酸)聚糖通过蛋白质印迹法洗脱和检测抗原。用赛默飞世尔科技公司(Rockford, IL, USA)的加强型化学发光系统Supersignal West Dura显像抗原带纹。由一名不知道患者查加斯病状态的化验生物学家执行Chunap检验。

纳米粒子将克氏锥虫抗原浓缩了100倍,蛋白质印迹法的检测限从50纳克/毫升降至0.5纳克/毫升。Chunap检验作用于出生一个月后的一份样本的灵敏度为91.3% (21/23),与PCR作用于出生时和出生一个月后的两份样本的灵敏度相仿,而远高于显微镜检查两份样本的灵敏度。Chunap检验的特异性为96.5%,针对有病者为71/74,无病者为12/12。微方法和PCR的累积灵敏度分别为34.8% (8/23)和91.3% (21/23)。被粒子隔离的克氏锥虫抗原可使其不被胰蛋白酶消化。

该研究的论文发表于2014年10月2日的《公共科学图书馆》杂志《被忽视的热带病》分册。作者总结说,Chunap有望帮助边远地区医疗机构实现先天性查加斯病的早期床旁诊断。这项纳米技术应用于发展中国家还有很多工作要做。科研小组目前正在优化一种基于纳米粒子磁标记的新分离方法,使得无需高速离心就能从尿液中分离粒子。虽然在这项研究中该方法用于查加斯病,但改造后也可用于检测尿液和其它体液中的其它寄生虫感染。

Related Links:
约翰霍普金斯大学
InBios国际公司
赛默飞世尔科技公司


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