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追踪HIV患者体内T细胞的新方法

By LabMedica International staff writers
Posted on 18 Mar 2014
确定人T细胞的精确寿命是个难题,因为标准技术无法区分正在分裂的细胞和垂死细胞。

无复制力的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1)称为前病毒,测量体内存续时间的方法是追踪被一种嵌入的前病毒 “天然”标记的一群T细胞。

美国国家过敏与传染病研究所(Bethesda, MD, USA)的科学家发现了一种追踪HIV感染者体内的分化群4 (CD4+) T细胞的新方法。CD4+ T细胞对于免疫系统抵御各类病原体至关重要,是HIV的主要目标。他们联用了多项技术,测序/标绘一种独特前病毒的嵌入位点,停止密码子位于HIV-1蛋白酶的42号位。缺陷病毒已嵌入单个CD4+ T细胞的基因组。

在体外重建这种前病毒的传染性克隆证实它不能复制。在20年的时间里,他们通过结合细胞分离与嵌入位点特异的聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术,跟踪了多组T细胞内这一前病毒的结局。作为对照,还用应用生物系统公司(Foster City, CA, USA)的ABI PRISM 3130xl基因分析仪测序和分析了另外一些被嵌入的位点。

科学家用这一创新性方法可以区分正在分裂的细胞和垂死细胞,这对于研究免疫细胞如何避免HIV感染至关重要,但现有的标记技术做不到这一点。无复制力的HIV-1前病毒唯一存在于效应记忆(EM) CD4+ T细胞群内达17年之久。含无复制力前病毒的EM CD4+ T细胞的百分比最高时达到1%,有功能的半衰期为11.1个月。在测序多个前病毒的过程中,他们还观察到外周血前病毒有相当多的致命突变。

科学家还观察到病人血细胞内缺陷HIV前病毒的发生频率高于以前的研究所报道的频率。虽然这些有缺陷的变体不能产生传染性病毒,但许多变体仍能产生HIV的小片段,研究人员不禁揣测CD4+ T细胞里的这些“外来物质”也许在HIV感染特有的持续免疫活化中发挥着关键作用,包括血液中病毒“不可检测”的患者体内的免疫活化。该研究的论文发表于2014年1月31日的《艾滋》(AIDS)杂志。

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