Reduced PSA Screening May Delay Treatment for Earlier Onset Prostate Cancers

The recommendation against regular prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer (PCa) has been in place for 2.5 years. The number of prostate needle biopsies (PNB) has been reduced and patients who do undergo PNB are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with high risk disease, suggesting that over-diagnosis and overtreatment may have been reduced.

However, detection of intermediate-risk, potentially curable PCa has likely also decreased and there is concern that diagnosis of these treatable cancers are being delayed, according to new study, which compared the results of patients who underwent PNB before and after the recommendation to reduce PSA screening.

Deaths from PCa have declined by about 40% since the advent of PSA screening (late 1980s), and 40%–70% of that decline may be attributable to screening. However, radiation therapy and surgery have negative impacts on quality of life. The uncertain benefit of PSA-based screening, combined with the complications associated with treatment, led the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) to conclude in October 2011 that the harms of PSA-based screening outweighed the benefits, leading to their recommendation against regular screening.

"Results from our study support the argument that declining PSA screening may result in delayed diagnosis, potentially leading to avoidable cancer deaths," according to John M. Corman, MD, who led the study by researchers at Virginia Mason Medical Center (Seattle, WA, USA), "When compared to patients who underwent PNB in the 30 months prior to the USPSTF recommendation, those who underwent PNB in the 30 months after had a 33% higher relative risk of being diagnosed with high risk PCa. The reduction in the number of potentially unnecessary biopsies appears to have occurred at the cost of detecting fewer intermediate risk PCa tumors. Thus, the key concern is not only the increased risk of being diagnosed with high risk disease, but, more importantly, the missed opportunity to offer curative intervention for patients with intermediate risk PCa."

"The importance of our study is not only the evolution in patient and tumor characteristics seen at PNB, but the rapidity by which statistically significant changes occurred following the release of the USPSTF recommendations," explained Dr. Corman, "The goal of PCa screening is to maximize the benefit of screening tools such as PSA while minimizing the harm associated with over diagnosis and overtreatment. Rather than relegating PSA into oblivion, the balanced answer may be best found in the more intelligent use of available tools, implementation of shared decision-making as recommended by the American Cancer Society, and development of more effective screening techniques."

The study, by Banerji JL, Wolff EM et al., was published January 2016 issue of the Journal of Urology.

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Virginia Mason Medical Center