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蛋壳层使禽类病毒具有高度传染性

By LabMedica International staff writers
Posted on 17 Oct 2017
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图片:禽流感H5N1菌株的直观表达(照片由Matthias Kulka/Corbis提供)。
图片:禽流感H5N1菌株的直观表达(照片由Matthias Kulka/Corbis提供)。
研究人员很可能解开了一个神秘的问题:为什么禽流感病毒的人类间传播比禽类-人类间传播率要低得多。他们发现,在禽类中,病毒周围形成了一种蛋壳状的矿物外层,并解释了这将如何增加病毒的传染性。
本研究由浙江大学(中国,浙江省,杭州市)的研究人员开展,他们还发现,这些矿化病毒更顽固,热稳定性比原本病毒高。
在禽类中,禽流感是一种高度传染的疾病,发展成一种对人类健康构成严重威胁的疾病。与病禽或其粪便过近接触被视为人类的主要感染源。该病毒在人类间的传播有限,但是,研究却显示这些病毒不能直接感染人类。此前假设,这些病毒的物种间传播屏障是突变或与另一种病原体DNA重组的结果,但更近期的多项研究结果显示,从人类感染者分类出的禽流感病毒与从禽类中分离出的该病毒有相同的基因序列。
是什么让人类感染禽类的疾病?研究者团队与浙江大学教授Ruikang Tang博士一起开展研究,宣布发生这种情况是因为禽类肠道中的病毒获得了一个矿物“壳”。他们发现,病毒在富含钙的情况下可能矿化。自然的,禽类的消化道——禽流感病毒的最初位置——恰好提供了这种富含钙的环境,因此禽类能形成卵壳。在人类中,禽流感病毒感染呼吸道,然后能从体液中被发现,体液中的钙浓度远低于矿化所需浓度。
使用模拟禽类肠道环境的溶液开展的试验允许研究人员证明,H9N2和H1N1病毒周围形成了一层5-6nm厚的磷酸钙(CaP)层。在细胞培养和小鼠研究中,证明这些矿化病毒的传染性明显更大,感染者死亡率大于未矿化病毒感染者。
矿化层改变了病毒的表面电势。这导致矿化病毒更有效地吸附在未来宿主细胞的表面。宿主的吸收机制也是不同的。通常情况下,病毒会在细胞表面的受体上对接,然后被带入细胞。矿物层抑制这种情况,但主要通过物理(基于物理的)而不是化学的手段,明显地促进其自身的高效吸收。此外:细胞内,矿化病毒进入溶酶体,这是一种微酸性环境,能溶解矿物层,并释放出病毒。
这条新信息解释了人类更容易捕获来自禽类的禽流感病毒,而非来自人类的禽流感病毒的原因,并可能有助于开发对抗禽流感的新方法。
本研究由Zhou H等人发表在2017年8月18日刊的Angewandte Chemie International Edition(德国应用化学)上。




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