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研究发现能更早检测移植排异反应的检验方法

By LabMedica International staff writers
Posted on 14 Apr 2017
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图片:NanoSight NS300仪器为测定纳米粒子提供了一个易用、可重复的平台(图片蒙Malvern仪器公司惠赐)。
图片:NanoSight NS300仪器为测定纳米粒子提供了一个易用、可重复的平台(图片蒙Malvern仪器公司惠赐)。
 研究人员发现了一种方法,似乎能比标准方法更早地预警器官移植排异反应,而且只需验一次血,不需要创伤更大、更痛苦的穿刺活检。

美国每年进行约3万例器官移植手术。然而,依移植器官的类型不同,五年内的失败率从20%到50%不等,最常见的原因是接受者的免疫系统攻击或“排斥”捐赠的器官。

美国宾夕法尼亚大学佩雷尔曼医学院的科学家用一种新方法分析了人的血样和尿样。新方法使用像胶囊一样的微小结构,称为外泌体,一般由大多数细胞类型分泌。尚不清楚外泌体接下来究竟做什么,但科学家知道这些胶囊含有来自其母细胞的蛋白质和其它分子,可能影响邻近细胞的行为。外泌体像其母细胞一样,表面上也有蛋白标记物,常称为主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)抗原,它向免疫系统表明自己是身体的一部分。正如捐赠者和宿主细胞的MHC标记物通常不同,捐赠者和宿主细胞的外泌体也不同。

处理人的胰腺,分离出胰岛,再用高纯度(>80%)胰岛进行异体胰岛移植。在补充了白蛋白的CMRL培养基中培养分离出的胰岛,杜绝任何外来外泌体的污染。分离24到72小时后获取胰岛培养物上清液(20毫升),进行外泌体分析。用凝胶层析与超速离心根据尺寸限值从人胰岛培养物上清液中分离外泌体。在英国Malvern仪器股份有限公司的NanoSight NS300(405纳米激光二极管)上分析外泌体。

科研小组首先研究了人体内的移植-外泌体策略,他们检查了一项临床实验中五名接受移植者的血浆样本,并成功检测到移植后这些样本中供体的外泌体。他们还发现了一些初步证据证明他们的“洒落外泌体”测量可用于预测人的移植排异反应。如果移植给患者的胰岛细胞被排斥,移植的细胞失效的六个半月前取的血样中就能检测到供体外泌体水平的剧降,且病人出现糖尿病的临床征象。

科学家们证明他们能分离和检测肾移植的供体组织外泌体,肾移植是目前最常见的器官移植。在这种情况下,科研小组发现他们不仅能分离和量化血液里的供体肾的外泌体,还能分离和量化尿液里的外泌体,从而有望利用比血检创伤更小的尿检。该研究的论文发表于2017年3月20日的《临床研究杂志》(Journal of Clinical Investigation)。资深作者、外科教授Ali Naji博士说:“我相信分析来自移植器官的外泌体将最终提供一种前所未有的强大能力,从整体上理解器官在某种条件下的状态。”

佩雷尔曼医学院
Malvern仪器股份有限公司



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